Migration recipes

The framework ships five migration tools that look superficially similar:

• defaultsAdapter — fill in new fields on old payloads.
• migratingAdapter (over MigrationChain) — pure-function per-version upcasters, optional bidirectional with downcasters.
• InMemorySchemaRegistry — multi-version registry that enforces compatibility checks at registration time.
• validatedEventAdapter — wrap an adapter in a codec for per-write validation.
• wrapEventAsEnvelope + the bulk migrators — one-shot retrofit for journals predating the envelope shape.

This guide is the decision tree. Most changes pick exactly one of them — they compose, but not all combinations make sense.

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The flowchart

                          ┌──────────────────────────────┐
                          │  What's the change?          │
                          └──────────────┬───────────────┘
                                         │
              ┌──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┐
              │                          │                          │
              ▼                          ▼                          ▼
        ┌──────────┐             ┌──────────────┐            ┌──────────────┐
        │ New      │             │ Rename /     │            │ Pre-envelope │
        │ field    │             │ restructure  │            │ journal?     │
        │ with     │             │ existing     │            └──────┬───────┘
        │ default? │             │ shape?       │                   │
        └────┬─────┘             └──────┬───────┘                   ▼
             │                          │                  wrapEventAsEnvelope
             ▼                          ▼                  + bulk migrators
        defaultsAdapter          migratingAdapter           (recipe 5)
        (recipe 1)               (recipe 2)
                                         │
                          ┌──────────────┼──────────────┐
                          │                             │
                          ▼                             ▼
                   ┌───────────────┐            ┌────────────────┐
                   │ Multi-service │            │ Need on-write  │
                   │ shared schema │            │ validation     │
                   │ (Kafka topic, │            │ (e.g. zod      │
                   │  shared bus)? │            │  schema)?      │
                   └──────┬────────┘            └──────┬─────────┘
                          ▼                            ▼
                   SchemaRegistry              validatedEventAdapter
                   (recipe 3)                  (recipe 4) — wraps
                                               any adapter above

---

Recipe 1 — defaultsAdapter: additive evolution

When: Add a new field with a sensible default. No restructuring, no renames, no type changes.

Why this one: No upcaster code to write or test. The adapter inserts the default if the field is missing — that’s it.

import { defaultsAdapter, PersistentActor } from 'actor-ts/persistence';

type DepositedV1 = { kind: 'deposited'; amount: number };
interface DepositedV2 extends DepositedV1 { currency: string }

class Account extends PersistentActor<Command, Deposited, State> {
  override eventAdapter() {
    return defaultsAdapter<DepositedV2>({
      manifest: 'BankAccount.Deposited',
      currentVersion: 2,
      defaults: { 1: { currency: 'USD' } },     // v1 lacked `currency`
    });
  }
  // ...
}

Verifiable invariant: A v1 payload read back arrives as a v2-shaped event with currency: 'USD' already set. No onEvent change required.

Out-of-scope for defaultsAdapter: removing fields, renaming fields, splitting one field into many, changing field types. All of those go to migratingAdapter.

Example: examples/persistence/event-migration.ts.

---

Recipe 2 — migratingAdapter over MigrationChain: anything non-additive

When: Rename a field, change its type, split one field into two, merge two into one, restructure nested objects. Anything that can’t be expressed as “fill in a default”.

Why this one: Pure-function (vN) => vN+1 upcasters compose into a chain. Each step is type-safe individually; the chain type checks the start and end shapes match.

import { MigrationChain, migratingAdapter } from 'actor-ts/persistence';

type DepositedV1 = { kind: 'deposited'; amount: number };
type DepositedV2 = { kind: 'deposited'; amount: number; currency: string };
type DepositedV3 = { kind: 'deposited'; cents: number;  currency: string }; // float→int

const chain = MigrationChain
  .start<DepositedV1>('BankAccount.Deposited', 1)
  .next<DepositedV2>(2, (v1) => ({ ...v1, currency: 'USD' }))
  .next<DepositedV3>(3, (v2) => ({
    kind: v2.kind,
    cents: Math.round(v2.amount * 100),
    currency: v2.currency,
  }));

class Account extends PersistentActor<Command, DepositedV3, State> {
  override eventAdapter() { return migratingAdapter(chain); }
  // ...
}

Rolling deploys: pin writeVersion on migratingAdapter to hold writes at the old shape while readers catch up — see Rolling deployment migration for the full four-phase recipe.

Verifiable invariant: A vN payload read back arrives as a currentVersion-shaped event. Each upcaster runs exactly once per missing version step; intermediate shapes never reach onEvent.

Example: examples/persistence/event-migration-chain.ts.

---

Recipe 3 — SchemaRegistry: multi-service or multi-version coexistence

When: The schema isn’t owned by one actor — multiple services write to the same Kafka topic, the same shared event bus, the same cross-service journal. Each service may be on a different version at any moment. You want a central place to register schemas, enforce compatibility rules (backward / backward-transitive / forward / full / none), and serve the chain at runtime.

Why this one: Registration is a first-class step. A new service version can refuse to start if its schema isn’t backward-compatible with the registered one. Single source of truth for “what does v2 look like?” across the fleet.

import { InMemorySchemaRegistry } from 'actor-ts/persistence';
import { z } from 'zod';

const registry = new InMemorySchemaRegistry();

registry.register({
  manifest: 'BankAccount.Deposited',
  version: 1,
  codec: zodCodec(z.object({ kind: z.literal('deposited'), amount: z.number() })),
  compatibility: 'backward',
});

registry.register({
  manifest: 'BankAccount.Deposited',
  version: 2,
  codec: zodCodec(z.object({ kind: z.literal('deposited'), amount: z.number(), currency: z.string() })),
  upcast: (v1) => ({ ...v1, currency: 'USD' }),
  compatibility: 'backward',
});

// The registry exposes the chain — feed it to migratingAdapter.
const chain = registry.chainFor<DepositedV2>('BankAccount.Deposited');
const adapter = migratingAdapter(chain);

Verifiable invariant: Registering a new version that breaks the configured compatibility level throws at registration time, not at first-write time. Catches the bug before deployment.

When NOT to use this: Single-service single-actor evolution. MigrationChain directly is shorter, faster to type-check, and doesn’t need a registry instance.

Example: examples/persistence/schema-registry.ts.

---

Recipe 4 — validatedEventAdapter: on-write validation

When: You want every write to be validated against a strict schema (Zod, ts-pattern matcher, hand-rolled type guard) before it lands in the journal. Catches “wrong type sneaked through JSON.parse on the network boundary” bugs at the persist call, not at recovery time three days later.

Why this one: Wraps an existing adapter; the chain’s upcast path is untouched. Validation happens on the write side; reads trust the journal (validated at write).

import {
  defaultsAdapter,
  validatedEventAdapter,
  zodCodec,
} from 'actor-ts/persistence';
import { z } from 'zod';

const codec = zodCodec(
  z.object({ kind: z.literal('deposited'), amount: z.number().positive() }),
);

const base = defaultsAdapter<DepositedV2>({
  manifest: 'BankAccount.Deposited',
  currentVersion: 2,
  defaults: { 1: { currency: 'USD' } },
});

const adapter = validatedEventAdapter(base, codec);

Verifiable invariant: A write with an invalid payload throws PersistError (with the validator’s own error attached) before anything hits the journal.

Composable with everything: wraps defaultsAdapter, migratingAdapter, or any other EventAdapter.

---

Recipe 5 — wrapEventAsEnvelope + bulk migrators: retrofit a legacy journal

When: You have an existing journal of raw events (no { _v, _t, _e } envelope) and you’re adopting the schema- evolution machinery for the first time. Without envelopes, the chain has no version to look at.

Why this one: One-shot rewrite that wraps every existing event in an envelope at version 1, then your normal migration chain takes over. After the rewrite, every event in the journal has the manifest the migration tooling expects.

import {
  wrapEventAsEnvelope,
  migrateInMemoryJournal,
} from 'actor-ts/persistence';

// One-shot: rewrite every event in the journal as an envelope.
await migrateInMemoryJournal(journal, (event) =>
  wrapEventAsEnvelope(event, { manifest: 'BankAccount.Deposited', version: 1 }),
);

// From here on, future writes use the chain normally.

Verifiable invariant: After the migration, every event in the journal has an envelope manifest pointing at the same (manifest, version: 1) pair. Reads via migratingAdapter upcast normally.

When NOT to use this: New journals (start with envelopes from day one — defaultsAdapter or migratingAdapter automatically emit envelopes). Or journals that already have envelopes (wrapEventAsEnvelope is idempotent — calling on an already- wrapped envelope is a no-op — but the bulk pass is wasted work).

Example: examples/persistence/migrate-legacy-events.ts.

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Pitfalls

”Should I use defaultsAdapter AND migratingAdapter?”

No. defaultsAdapter is a convenience wrapper that implies a chain whose every step is “merge in these defaults”. If you have both a defaultable change and a non-additive one, write the whole thing as a MigrationChain and use migratingAdapter — the chain can include “additive” steps as plain upcasters.

”Can I downgrade?”

Yes, but only via migratingAdapter with explicit downcasters. Specify writeVersion < currentVersion in migratingAdapter(chain, { writeVersion: oldV }) and the chain runs the downcasters on the way to the journal. Used during the code-first phase of a rolling deploy (Rolling deployment migration).

”What about snapshots?”

Snapshots have their own parallel adapter: snapshotAdapter(). Everything in this guide applies symmetrically; DurableStateActor provides stateAdapter() on the same shape.

”What about manifest renames?”

Don’t. The manifest string is the identity of the event type across the lifetime of the journal — renaming it breaks every historical entry. If you really need to rename a manifest, write a new manifest with version 1 and emit a one-shot bulk migrator that wraps old-manifest events as new-manifest envelopes. Use migrateBetweenJournals(source, target, { eventTransform }) for this — read from the old, write the transformed copy to a fresh target.

”What if the source has been compacted?”

It is copied as it stands, including the compaction. A journal that has been compacted past a snapshot no longer starts at sequence 1, and one that was compacted completely holds no events at all while its high-water mark still remembers the numbers it handed out. migrateBetweenJournals reproduces both: it raises the target’s compaction mark to just below the first surviving event before appending, so every event lands on the sequence number it had in the source.

That matters because a sequence number is a reference, not just an ordinal — the paired snapshot, every read-side offset and every projection cursor names (persistenceId, sequenceNr). Renumbering the surviving tail detaches all of them at once, and in the layout compaction normally leaves behind (the snapshot sitting at the compaction point) nothing fails loudly: recovery folds a later tail onto an earlier state and the actor serves commands from a state that never existed.

Two consequences for a paired run:

• Copy the journal first, then the snapshots. A snapshot is written at the sequence number it already has, and only means anything against a journal numbered the same way.
• A third-party target journal must implement Journal.raiseCompactionMark. All ten built-in journals do. One that does not makes the copy throw CompactedSourceError rather than renumber the stream — refusing is the only honest answer a target that cannot record a mark can give.

”What if the source has tags append no longer accepts?”

It is refused, and the refusal arrives before anything is written.

Tag validation runs on writes only, so a journal written before those rules landed replays unchanged forever — that promise is not going anywhere. A copy is where it stops being enough: it reads a historical list and hands it to the target’s append, which is a write. The two shapes an older release commonly left behind are an empty tag (['orders', ''], from a [category, subCategory ?? ''] whose second slot was never filled) and the same tag twice.

migrateBetweenJournals walks the source in a read-only preflight first, so it refuses with MigrationTagError — naming the persistence ID and the sequence number — with the target and the progress store still untouched. What it used to do was worse than refusing: it met the bad list on the append that rejected it, leaving a partly populated target, one truncated stream, and progress entries claiming the streams before it were done. A re-run with skipExistingPersistenceIds then walked straight past the truncated one, because the target held some data for it.

Two ways through. Rewrite the lists yourself:

await migrateBetweenJournals(oldJournal, newJournal, {
  eventTransform: (e) => ({ ...e, tags: e.tags?.filter((tag) => tag.length > 0) }),
});

Or opt into the two repairs that need no judgement — an empty member dropped, a repeat collapsed:

const copied = await migrateBetweenJournals(oldJournal, newJournal, {
  invalidTags: 'sanitize',
});
console.log(`${copied.eventsWithSanitizedTags} tag lists rewritten`);

The count is in the result on purpose: repairing historical data is a change to it, so a run that expected clean tags can assert the number is zero. 'sanitize' stops there — a comma, a control character, an over-long tag or too many tags on one event still refuse under it, because repairing those means inventing a tag or discarding one the caller meant. eventTransform is where that decision belongs, in code someone can read.

The preflight covers every refusal the copy has, not only tags: a hole in the source’s sequence numbers and a compacted prefix the target cannot represent are decided there too. It costs one extra read of the source — on a resume, only of what is left to copy.

”My snapshots are encrypted — does the copy handle that?”

Only if you tell it which keys to use, and you tell it twice:

await migrateBetweenSnapshotStores(oldSnapshots, newSnapshots, {
  persistenceIds: await oldJournal.persistenceIds(),
  sourcePersistenceOptions: { encryption: oldEncryption },
  targetPersistenceOptions: { encryption: newEncryption },
});

The two sides are separate on purpose: a re-key sweep is an ordinary reason to migrate, so source and target routinely hold different keys or keyrings.

You only need these when the master key is supplied per call — by a PersistentActor’s encryption() hook, say. A store built with withEncryption(...) falls back to its own configuration and needs neither. But do not omit targetPersistenceOptions on a target that encrypts per call: the write silently resolves to { mode: 'none' } and the migrated snapshot lands in the bucket as plaintext.

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Reference

Tool	Module	Use when
defaultsAdapter	src/persistence/migration/DefaultsAdapter.ts	Additive only
MigrationChain + migratingAdapter	src/persistence/migration/{MigrationChain,migratingAdapter}.ts	Anything else
InMemorySchemaRegistry	src/persistence/migration/SchemaRegistry.ts	Multi-service / multi-version coexistence
validatedEventAdapter	src/persistence/migration/ValidatedAdapter.ts	On-write validation
wrapEventAsEnvelope + migrateInMemoryJournal / migrateSnapshotStore	src/persistence/migration/WrapLegacy.ts	Retrofit pre-envelope journal
migrateBetweenJournals / migrateBetweenSnapshotStores	src/persistence/migration/JournalMigration.ts	Copy + transform between two backends

All of them are exported from the top-level actor-ts barrel.

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Related

• Rolling deployment migration — how to deploy any of these across a running cluster.
• Migration overview — quick-tour of defaultsAdapter and MigrationChain.
• CHANGELOG.md [0.6.0] → “schema migration & encryption polish” for the underlying feature set.